Bamford, Connor. “What Is the Spike Protein and Why Are Mutations on It Important?” Global Biodefense, 22 Dec. 2020, globalbiodefense.com/2020/12/22/what-is-the-spike-protein-and-why-are-mutations-on-it-important/.
Barnes, Adam. “Scientists Uncover 28 New Viruses Frozen in Ice for Thousands of Years.” The Hill, 23 July 2021, thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/environment/564496-scientists-uncover-28-new-viruses-frozen-in-ice/amp/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2023.
Carvalho, Thiago, et al. “The First 12 Months of COVID-19: A Timeline of Immunological Insights.” Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 21, no. 21, 15 Mar. 2021, pp. 1–12, www.nature.com/articles/s41577-021-00522-1, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-021-00522-1.
CDC. “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 11 Feb. 2020, www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-classifications.html.
Cohen, Fredric S. “How Viruses Invade Cells.” Biophysical Journal, vol. 110, no. 5, 8 Mar. 2016, pp. 1028–1032, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4788752/, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.02.006.
Cooper, Vaughn. “The Coronavirus Variants Don’t Seem to Be Highly Variable so Far.” Scientific American, 24 Mar. 2021, www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-coronavirus-variants-dont-seem-to-be-highly-variable-so-far/.
Fermin, Gustavo. “Host Range, Host–Virus Interactions, and Virus Transmission.” Viruses, 2018, pp. 101–134, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173471/#:~:text=Viruses%20known%20to%20infect%20one, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811257-1.00005-X. Accessed 23 Nov. 2020.
Fischman, Josh. “It’s Much More Likely the Coronavirus Came from Wildlife, Not a Lab.” Scientific American, 2 Apr. 2021, www.scientificamerican.com/article/its-much-more-likely-the-coronavirus-came-from-wildlife-not-a-lab1/.
Fong, Simon James, et al. “An Introduction to COVID-19.” Artificial Intelligence for Coronavirus Outbreak, 23 June 2020, pp. 1–22, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7307707/, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5936-5_1.
Gertner, Jon. “A DNA Sequencing Revolution Helped Us Fight Covid. What Else Can It Do?” The New York Times, 25 Mar. 2021, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/03/25/magazine/genome-sequencing-covid-variants.html?referringSource=articleShare. Accessed 2 Feb. 2023.
Gire, S. K., et al. “Genomic Surveillance Elucidates Ebola Virus Origin and Transmission during the 2014 Outbreak.” Science, vol. 345, no. 6202, 28 Aug. 2014, pp. 1369–1372, science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6202/1369, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259657.
Guglielmi, Giorgia. “The Explosion of New Coronavirus Tests That Could Help to End the Pandemic.” Nature, vol. 583, 17 July 2020, pp. 506–509, www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02140-8, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02140-8.
Hafer, Nate. “What’s the Difference between a PCR and Antigen COVID-19 Test?” UMass Chan Medical School, 10 Nov. 2021, www.umassmed.edu/news/news-archives/2021/11/whats-the-difference-between-a-pcr-and-antigen-covid-19-test/.
Haseltine, William A. “How Will the Coronavirus Evolve?” Scientific American, 19 Feb. 2021, www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-will-the-coronavirus-evolve/.
Heffernan, Olive. “The Mystery of the Expanding Tropics.” Nature News, vol. 530, no. 7588, 4 Feb. 2016, p. 20, www.nature.com/news/the-mystery-of-the-expanding-tropics-1.19271, https://doi.org/10.1038/530020a.
Karen Steward. “Antigenic Drift vs Antigenic Shift.” From Technology Networks, Technology Networks, 25 Oct. 2018, www.technologynetworks.com/immunology/articles/antigenic-drift-vs-antigenic-shift-311044.
Milo, Ron, and Ron Phillips. “» How Many Virons Result from a Single Viral Infection?” Bionumbers, book.bionumbers.org/how-many-virions-result-from-a-single-viral-infection/.
Mooney, Chris. “The Hidden Environmental Factors behind the Spread of Zika and Other Devastating Diseases.” The Washington Post, 3 Feb. 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/02/03/the-hidden-environmental-factors-behind-the-spread-of-zika-and-other-deadly-diseases/.
Mueller, Benjamin. “How British Scientists Found the More Infectious Coronavirus Variant.” The New York Times, 16 Jan. 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/01/16/world/europe/variant-coronavirus-genetic-sequence.html?referringSource=articleShare. Accessed 2 Feb. 2023.
Murray, Jillian, and Adam L. Cohen. “Infectious Disease Surveillance.” International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2017, pp. 222–229, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149515/, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00517-8.
Nextstrain. “Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 with subsampling focused globally over the past 6 months.” Nextstrain.org, nextstrain.org/ncov/gisaid/global/6m.
Ossola, Alexandra. “How Doctors Diagnosed the First Case of Wuhan Virus in the US.” Qz.com, 22 Jan. 2020, qz.com/1789297/how-doctors-diagnosed-the-first-case-of-wuhan-virus-in-the-us/amp/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2023.
Oude Munnink, Bas B., et al. “Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Whole-Genome Sequencing and Analysis for Informed Public Health Decision-Making in the Netherlands.” Nature Medicine, vol. 26, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2020, pp. 1405–1410, www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0997-y, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0997-y.
Prinzi, Andrea. “How the SARS-CoV-2 EUA Antigen Tests Work.” ASM.org, 31 Aug. 2020, asm.org/Articles/2020/August/How-the-SARS-CoV-2-EUA-Antigen-Tests-Work.
Robishaw, Janet D, et al. “Genomic Surveillance to Combat COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities.” The Lancet Microbe, vol. 2, no. 9, Sept. 2021, pp. e481–e484, https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00121-x. Accessed 12 Dec. 2021.
Rouzine, Igor M., and Ganna Rozhnova. “Antigenic Evolution of Viruses in Host Populations.” PLOS Pathogens, vol. 14, no. 9, 12 Sept. 2018, p. e1007291, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007291.
Schmidt, Charles. “New Coronavirus Variants Are Urgently Being Tracked around the World.” Scientific American, 21 June 2021, www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-coronavirus-variants-are-urgently-being-tracked-around-the-world/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2023.
Thacker, Stephen B., et al. “Public Health Surveillance in the United States: Evolution and Challenges*.” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019, www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6103a2.htm.
The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. “Viruses and Evolution.” History of Vaccines, historyofvaccines.org/vaccines-101/what-do-vaccines-do/viruses-and-evolution.
“The Number of Flu Cases and Deaths in 2020 Is Comparable to Previous Years.” Health Feedback, 28 Apr. 2020, healthfeedback.org/claimreview/2020-has-seen-a-number-of-flu-cases-and-deaths-comparable-to-previous-years/.
Thomson, Freya. “COVID-19 Originated at Wuhan Wet Market via Raccoons, Dogs and Foxes.” Open Access Government, 29 July 2022, www.openaccessgovernment.org/covid-19-originated-at-wuhan-wet-market-via-raccoon-dogs-and-foxes/140578/.
Unity Point Health. “Why Viruses Mutate, Explained by an Infectious Disease Expert.” UnityPoint.org, 2 Jan. 2022, www.unitypoint.org/article.aspx?id=db428f77-6e61-497b-91ce-1317a3396dd8.
“Using Genetic Tools to Fight Viral Outbreaks.” Learn.genetics.utah.edu, learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/viruses.
Virginia Department of Health. “Novel, Variant, and Pandemic Influenza – Epidemiology.” Virginia.gov, 2010, www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/influenza-flu-in-virginia/novel-variant-and-pandemic-influenza/.
“Virus - the Cycle of Infection.” Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/science/virus/The-cycle-of-infection.
“Virus Genome - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” ScienceDirect, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/virus-genome.
Wood, Matt. “Where Does the Flu Come from Every Year?” UChicago Medicine, 14 Sept. 2016, www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/biological-sciences-articles/where-does-the-flu-come-from-every-year.
World Health Organization. “Naming the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and the Virus That Causes It.” World Health Organization, 2020, www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it.
Wu, Katherine J. “There Are More Viruses than Stars in the Universe. Why Do Only Some Infect Us?” Science, 15 Apr. 2020, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/factors-allow-viruses-infect-humans-coronavirus.
Yourgenome. “What Is Genomic Surveillance?” Yourgenome, www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-genomic-surveillance/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2023.
yourgenome. “What Is Evolution?” @Yourgenome · Science Website, 17 Feb. 2017, www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-evolution/.
Zimmer, Carl, and James Gorman. “A Group of Scientists Presses a Case against the Lab Leak Theory of Covid.” The New York Times, 9 July 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/07/09/science/coronavirus-origins-lab-leak.html?referringSource=articleShare. Accessed 2 Feb. 2023.
Zimmer, Carl, and Benjamin Mueller. “New Research Points to Wuhan Market as Pandemic Origin.” The New York Times, 26 Feb. 2022, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/02/26/science/covid-virus-wuhan-origins.html.